

(封面图片:线虫Piwi蛋白PRG-1定位于生殖细胞和早期胚胎(背景所示)中的P颗粒处。尽管线虫piRNA的功能还需要得到进一步研究阐明,但科学家已经证实Piwi/piRNA对于Tc3转位子活动性的一种siRNA调节模块(图片中积木块所示)很重要。)
在多细胞生物中,Piwi相关的Argonaute蛋白被认为与维持生殖细胞自我更新有关,并且和一类小型RNA—piRNA相互作用。Piwi蛋白对于果蝇、斑马鱼以及小鼠的生殖细胞正常发育是必需的。piRNA在基因组当中定位与众不同,长度大约为24-30个核苷酸,在哺乳动物的睾丸中表达,并且在精子发育过程中起着重要的生理调节作用。
在2008年7月11日出版的《分子细胞》(Molecular Cell)中,两个研究小组分别发表文章称,他们发现一种被称为21U-RNA的21核苷长度RNA事实上在秀丽隐杆线虫(C. elegans)中属于piRNA。
来自美国的Batista等科学家发表文章称,他们发现21U-RNA在线虫生殖细胞中表达,并且与线虫的Piwi蛋白家族成员PRG-1相互作用。此外研究人员还发现,21U-RNA的聚集依赖于PRG-1的活性。PRG-1蛋白在整个发育过程中持续表达,该蛋白定位于线虫的P颗粒处。尽管21U-RNA位点存在一个保守上游调节序列基元(conserved upstream sequence motif),成熟的21U-RNA并不保守,并且在某些情况下会无法表现出直接调节其它表达序列的迹象。因此,以上发现证实21U-RNA是线虫的piRNA,而且这类小RNA以及相应的Piwi Argonaute蛋白与温度相关的生殖力维持相关。
在另一篇文章中,来自英国、德国和荷兰的一组科学家则表示,他们同样认为,之前发现的21U-RNA事实上就是线虫的piRNA。此外,Piwi以及piRNA的表达仅限于雄性和雌性的生殖细胞,并且独立于其它多种小RNA途径中的蛋白,其中包括DCR-1。研究小组还发现,Piwi对于Tc3基因的沉默是必需的,但对于其它Tc/mariner DNA转位子则并不重要。与野生型相比,Piwi变异型线虫的生殖细胞中Tc3去除率增加了至少100倍。科学家证实Piwi在Tc3沉默中起到内生siRNA途径上游的作用。因此以上结果显示,在piRNA和siRNA功能之间存在联系。
原始出处:
Molecular Cell,Vol 31, 67-78, 11 July 2008,Pedro J. Batista, Craig C. Mello
Pedro J. Batista,1,5,10 J. Graham Ruby,2,3,6,10 Julie M. Claycomb,1 Rosaria Chiang,2,3,6 Noah Fahlgren,7,8 Kristin D. Kasschau,7,8 Daniel A. Chaves,1 Weifeng Gu,1 Jessica J. Vasale,1 Shenghua Duan,1 Darryl Conte Jr.,1 Shujun Luo,9 Gary P. Schroth,9 James C. Carrington,7,8 David P. Bartel,2,3,6,
and Craig C. Mello1,4,
1 Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
3 Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
4 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
5 Gulbenkian PhD Programme in Biomedicine, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
6 Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
7 Center for Gene Research and Biotechnology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
8 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
9 Illumina, Inc., Hayward, CA 94545, USA
In metazoans, Piwi-related Argonaute proteins have been linked to germline maintenance, and to a class of germline-enriched small RNAs termed piRNAs. Here we show that an abundant class of 21 nucleotide small RNAs (21U-RNAs) are expressed in the C. elegans germline, interact with the C. elegans Piwi family member PRG-1, and depend on PRG-1 activity for their accumulation. The PRG-1 protein is expressed throughout development and localizes to nuage-like structures called P granules. Although 21U-RNA loci share a conserved upstream sequence motif, the mature 21U-RNAs are not conserved and, with few exceptions, fail to exhibit complementarity or evidence for direct regulation of other expressed sequences. Our findings demonstrate that 21U-RNAs are the piRNAs of C. elegans and link this class of small RNAs and their associated Piwi Argonaute to the maintenance of temperature-dependent fertility.
Molecular Cell,Vol 31, 79-90, 11 July 2008,Partha P. Das, Eric A. Miska
Partha P. Das,1,2,3 Marloes P. Bagijn,1,4 Leonard D. Goldstein,4,5,7 Julie R. Woolford,1,2 Nicolas J. Lehrbach,1,2 Alexandra Sapetschnig,1,2 Heeran R. Buhecha,1,2 Michael J. Gilchrist,1 Kevin L. Howe,5 Rory Stark,5 Nik Matthews,5 Eugene Berezikov,6 René F. Ketting,6 Simon Tavaré,4,5,7 and Eric A. Miska1,2,
1 Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, The Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
2 Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
3 PhD Program, Faculty of Biology, GZMB, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
4 Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK
5 Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka-Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
6 Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
7 Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
The Piwi proteins of the Argonaute superfamily are required for normal germline development in Drosophila, zebrafish, and mice and associate with 24–30 nucleotide RNAs termed piRNAs. We identify a class of 21 nucleotide RNAs, previously named 21U-RNAs, as the piRNAs of C. elegans. Piwi and piRNA expression is restricted to the male and female germline and independent of many proteins in other small-RNA pathways, including DCR-1. We show that Piwi is specifically required to silence Tc3, but not other Tc/mariner DNA transposons. Tc3 excision rates in the germline are increased at least 100-fold in piwi mutants as compared to wild-type. We find no evidence for a Ping-Pong model for piRNA amplification in C. elegans. Instead, we demonstrate that Piwi acts upstream of an endogenous siRNA pathway in Tc3 silencing. These data might suggest a link between piRNA and siRNA function.